Foreword xxv
Acknowledgements xxix
1 History of Orthodontics 1
2 Patient Assessment 11
3 Classification of Malocclusion 19
4 Aetiology of Malocclusion 25
5 Class I Malocclusion 31
6 Class II Div I Malocclusion 35
7 Class II Div II Malocclusion 41
8 Class III Malocclusion 47
9 Prevalences 53
10 Hypodontia 55
11 Supernumeraries 63
12 Impacted Canines 69
13 Impacted Teeth 77
14 Deepbites 81
15 Openbites: Anterior and Posterior 87
16 Crossbites 93
17 Centreline 101
18 Overjets 103
19 Bimaxillary Proclination 107
20 Growth Rotations 109
21 Tooth Movement 111
22 Impressions 123
23 Study Models 127
24 Radiographs 129
25 Cephalometrics 137
26 Removable Appliances 149
27 Functional Appliances 165
28 Fixed Appliances 179
29 Headgear 207
30 Instructions for all Appliances 215
31 Uncommon Removable Appliances 219
32 Anchorage 221
33 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) 229
34 Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) 233
35 Space Analysis 239
36 Cleft Lip and Palate 245
37 Orthognathic Surgery 251
38 Retention and Stability 259
39 Interceptive Treatment 271
40 Adult Orthodontics 283
41 Orthodontic Materials 287
42 Archwire Ligation 293
43 Risks and Benefits of Orthodontic Treatment 295
44 Oral Hygiene 299
45 Decalcification 305
46 Fluorosis 307
47 Fluoride 309
48 Hypoplastic Enamel 311
49 Hyperplastic Enamel 313
50 General Dental Council (GDC) 315
51 Sharps Injury 325
52 Health and Safety 327
53 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 329
54 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences (RIDDOR) 331
55 Consent 333
56 Pain and Anxiety Control 337
57 Emergency Care 341
58 Orthodontic Instruments 347
59 Medical Emergencies 363
60 Eruption Dates 371
61 Extraction Patterns 373
62 Tooth Fusion and Gemination 375
63 Extra Notes 377
64 Definitions 381
Index 385
