Herbal Drug for the Management of Infectious Diseases

The book is a comprehensive compilation of herbal drug applications for the treatment and management of infectious diseases and addresses issues related to development, challenges, and future prospects associated with the use of herbal medicine.

The use of herbal medicines has evolved in various cultures around the world over many millennia. In many developing Asian and African countries, the use of herbal medicines, as supplied by traditional medicinal practitioners, has always been popular. In the last two to three decades, many people in developed countries have begun to turn to alternative or complementary therapies, including the use of herbal medicines, nutraceuticals, functional foods, and other supplements. This resurgence in interest in plant-derived medicines is partly due to the growing dissatisfaction with allopathic medicines, as well as the perception that plant-derived medicines are natural and therefore pure and without side effects, and the progress in the production of higher quality herbal medicines including some with proven clinical efficacy and safety.

Infectious diseases are generally caused by pathogenic microorganisms, like bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, and are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the 16 chapters of this book have been intentionally sequenced to cover the therapeutic potential and applications of herbal extracts and phytochemicals for the management of various infectious diseases. Disease pathophysiology, an overview of current medication or treatment, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations of relevant biological activities of herbal extracts and phytochemicals, mechanisms of action, clinical trials, and novel technologies for the delivery of herbal bioactive compounds as well as patents have also been included.

1. Audience
   Chemists, pharmaceutical scientists, biologists, herbal/Ayurvedic/medicinal practitioners, as well all those in the medical sciences working on medicinal plants and infectious diseases.

Preface xvii

1 Essential Oils as Potent Antimicrobial Agents 1
Rakesh K. Sindhu, Prabhjot Kaur, Parneet Kaur, Sumitra Singh and Simona Cavalu

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Essential Oils 3

1.3 Chemical Composition of Essential Oils 5

1.4 Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils as Antimicrobials 11

1.5 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil 13

1.6 Essential Oils as Combination Therapy 13

1.7 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils 14

1.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 16

2 Herbal Antibiotics for Treating Drug-Resistant Bacteria 23
Haixia Chen and Shuqin Li

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Resistance Mechanism of Strains 25

2.3 The Classification of Herbal Secondary Metabolites for Drug Resistance 28

2.4 Mechanism 41

2.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 44

3 Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 55
Kampanart Huanbutta and Tanikan Sangnim

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Nature of Fungi and Classification of Fungal Disease 56

3.3 Epidemiology of Fungal Infection 58

3.4 Limitations of Modern Medicines 60

3.5 Medicinal Plants With Antifungal Activities 61

3.6 Phytopharmaceuticals With Antifungal Activities 63

3.7 Activity and Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals 68

3.8 Conclusion and Future Prospect of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Fungal Infections 72

4 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of Influenza Viral Infection 85
Shaveta Bhardwaj, Jobanpreet Kaur, Atinderpal Kaur, Satvinder Kaur, Anu Jindal and Inderbir Singh

4.1 Introduction 86

4.2 Various Herbal Bioactives With Anti-Influenza Property 87

4.3 Mechanism of an Anti-Influenza Effect 91

4.4 Conclusion 93

5 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Respiratory Infections 101
Chandrakantsing V. Pardeshi, Sagar R. Pardeshi, Jitendra B. Naik, Atul A. Shirkhedkar and Sanjay J. Surana

5.1 Introduction 101

5.2 Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections 103

5.3 Herbal Bioactives for the Management of RTIs 108

5.4 Bioactives and Their Derivatives Against Novel Coronavirus Disease 112

5.5 Emerging Drug Delivery Strategies for Biomedicines in the Management of RTIs 113

5.6 Clinical Status: Opportunities and Challenges 120

5.7 Patent Perspectives 120

5.8 Future Perspectives 122

5.9 Conclusion 122

6 Herbal Bioactives for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 133
Manish Kumar, Inderjeet Verma, Rakesh Kumar Sindhu and Rishabh Srivastava

6.1 Introduction 134

6.2 Classification of GIT Disorders 134

6.3 The Science of Herbal Medicine 135

6.4 Need of Herbal Medicine 143

6.5 Indirect Adverse Effects of Herbal Therapy 144

6.6 Herbal Bioactive-Based Formulation 144

6.7 Recent Patents for Herbal Drug Delivery Systems 148

6.8 Future Perspective 148

6.9 Conclusion 148

7 Herbal Drugs for the Treatment of Ocular Infections 157
A. A. Shirkhedkar, Mukesh S. Patil, A. S. Patil and Inderbir Singh

7.1 Introduction 158

7.2 Eye Essential Anatomy and Physiology 159

7.3 Preparation and Method of Use 161

7.4 Modern Investigations and Findings 163

7.5 Patents Recently Issued on Herbal Formulations 170

7.6 Conclusion 171

8 Phytopharmaceuticals for Treating Sexually Transmitted Diseases 179
Kenneth Chinedu Ugoeze

8.1 Introduction 180

8.2 Disease 180

8.3 Infectious Diseases 181

8.4 Types of Infectious Diseases 181

8.5 Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 190

8.6 Phytochemicals 194

8.7 Phytopharmaceuticals 195

8.8 Future View of Phytopharmaceuticals: The Need for Patenting 225

8.9 Summary 226

8.10 Conclusion 229

9 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases 263
Darshan R. Telange, Saurabh B. Ganorkar and Atul A. Shirkhedkar

9.1 History of Treating Skin Diseases With Herbs 264

9.2 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Infectious Skin Diseases

9.3 Herbs of Choice for Skin Infections 271

9.4 Herbal Bioactive--Based Formulations for Skin Infections 280

9.5 Patent Perspective 282

9.6 Futuristic View 283

9.7 Conclusion 284

10 Plant-Based Vaccines: Challenges and Opportunities 291
Navgeet Kaur, Anju Goyal and Rakesh K. Sindhu

10.1 Introduction 292

10.2 Production Process of Plant-Based Vaccines 293

10.3 Current Scenario of the Vaccines 297

10.4 Challenges 299

10.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 300

11 Herbal Medicines for HIV Infection and AIDS 307
Thongtham Suksawat and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant

11.1 Introduction 308

11.2 Pathophysiology of HIV Infections 309

11.3 Current Treatments for HIV/AIDS 310

11.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against HIV/AIDS 311

11.5 Herbal Extract and Phytochemicals with Anti-HIV Effects 312

11.6 Patents of Herbal and Phytochemical Products for Anti--HIV-1 Infections 330

11.7 Conclusions 332

12 Anthelmintic Potential of Herbal Drugs 341
Kalpana Nagpal, Pravin Pawar, Ritu Rathi, Nishant Gaur and Inderbir Singh

12.1 Introduction 342

12.2 Drugs Used as Anthelmintics 342

12.3 Active Principles Derived From Medicinal Plants as Anthelmintic Compounds 349

12.4 Conclusion 352

13 Herbal Drugs for the Management and Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections 359
Wiwit Suttithumsatid and Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant

13.1 Introduction 360

13.2 Pathophysiology of HSV Infections 360

13.3 Current Treatments for HSV Infection 361

13.4 Targeting for Novel Drug Therapy Against Herpes Simplex Infection 363

13.5 Herbal Extracts and Phytochemicals With Anti-HSV Activity 363

13.6 Recommended Herbal Extracts Used for Herpes Simplex Infection and Futuristic View 381

13.7 Patents on Herbal Medicine for Anti-Herpes Simplex Infections 381

13.8 Conclusions 383

14 Herbs and Plants Used for the Management and Treatment of Hepatitis Infections 389
Omonike O. Ogbole, Temitayo A. Ajayi and Oluwatoyin A. Odeku

14.1 Introduction 390

14.2 Hepatitis 391

14.3 Herbal Medicine and Control of Viral Infection 397

14.4 Major Classes of Medicinal Plants Having Activity Against Hepatitis Virus 398

14.5 The Common Classes of Bioactive Compounds with Anti-Hepatitis Virus Activities 406

15 Herbal Bioactives for Treating Urinary Tract Infections 427
Kashish Wilson, Manish Kumar, Prerna Sharma, Harkiran Nehra and Inderjeet Verma

15.1 Introduction 428

15.2 Discussion on Medicinal Plants 431

15.3 Causes of UTI 431

15.4 Symptoms of a UTI 432

15.5 Management 432

15.6 Herbs Employed for Therapy of Urinary Tract Infection 433

15.7 Causative Agents in Infection of Urinary Tract 436

15.8 Mechanism of Herbs 438

15.9 Future Prospective 438

15.10 Conclusion 439

16 Herbs Used in Parasitic Infection--Malaria 443
M.G. Kalaskar, B. Duraiswami, S.J. Surana and A.A. Shirkhedkar

16.1 Introduction 444

16.2 Parasitic Infections 445

16.3 Antiparasitic Medicinal Plants and Their Mode of Action 450

16.4 Antimalarial Herb 452

References 509

Index 519

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