About the Editors x
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xvi
Acknowledgments xviii
Section 1: The Science of Diagnostic Testing and Clinical Decision Rules
1 Diagnostic Testing in Emergency Care 3
2 Evidence- Based Medicine: The Process 14
3 The Epidemiology and Statistics of Diagnostic Testing 23
4 Clinical Decision Rules 43
5 Appropriate Testing in an Era of Limited Resources: Practice and Policy Consideration 53
6 Understanding Bias in Diagnostic Research 73
Section 2: Trauma
7 Cervical Spine Fractures 95
8 Blunt Abdominal Trauma 121
9 Acute Knee Injuries 128
10 Acute Ankle and Foot Injuries 134
11 Blunt Head Injury in Children 141
12 Adult Blunt Head Injury 162
13 Chest Trauma 174
14 Occult Hip Fracture 182
15 Blunt Soft Tissue Neck Trauma 189
16 Occult Scaphoid Fractures 195
17 Penetrating Abdominal Trauma 205
18 Penetrating Trauma to the Extremities and Vascular Injuries 214
Section 3: Cardiology
19 Heart Failure 227
20 Syncope 237
21 Chest Pain 256
22 Palpitations 276
Section 4: Infectious Disease
23 Bacterial Meningitis in Children 291
24 Serious Bacterial Infections in Children Aged 0 to 60/90 Days 299
25 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection 309
26 Infective Endocarditis 321
27 Pharyngitis 327
28 Rhinosinusitis 335
29 Pneumonia 340
30 Urinary Tract Infection 353
31 Sepsis 360
32 Adult Septic Arthritis 377
33 Osteomyelitis 388
34 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 401
35 Influenza 409
36 Fever without a Source 3–36 Months 416
Section 5: Surgical and Abdominal Complaints
37 Acute Nonspecific Nontraumatic Abdominal Pain 425
38 Small Bowel Obstruction 439
39 Acute Pancreatitis 447
40 Acute Appendicitis 457
41 Acute Cholecystitis 472
42 Aortic Emergencies 482
43 Ovarian Torsion 489
Section 6: Urology
44 Nephrolithiasis 499
45 Testicular Torsion 512
Section 7: Neurology
46 Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 523
47 Acute Stroke 536
48 Transient Ischemic Attack 547
49 First- Episode Seizure 559
Section 8: Miscellaneous: Hematology Ophthalmology Pulmonology Rheumatology and Geriatrics
50 Pulmonary Embolism 571
51 Deep Vein Thrombosis 583
52 Temporal Arteritis 591
53 Intraocular Pressure 598
54 Asthma 608
55 Acute Low Back Pain 621
56 Intravascular Volume Status 631
57 Geriatric Screening 638
58 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 658
59 Shared Decision- Making in Diagnostic Testing 664
60 Cognitive Biases and Mitigation Strategies in Emergency Diagnosis 678
61 Diagnosis in Telemedicine 699
62 Diagnosing COVID- 19 723
Index 735
